Test for the virus: antigen, viral DNA and RNA, subtypes, mutants

      Viral antigens are present in serum, in particular the HIV core antigen. This is only detectable for as long as it is in excess of antibody, typically at the outset of infection. Tests for this HIV antigen are commercially available, and they assist in the diagnosis of early infection and the recognition of infection in infants. In practice, however, tests for HIV antigen have proved of limited value due to lack of sensitivity, although this
may be enhanced by preliminary acid or alkali dissociation of immune complexes in the specimen. Viraemia may also be recognised by isolation of HIV from plasma in cultured lymphocytes, but this is time consuming and not especially sensitive. Essentially it has become a research tool.
    HIV can also be detected in specimens in the form of genome sequences. Though only rare lymphocytes carry the HIV genome, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used greatly to amplify chosen HIV genome sequences in those clinical specimens that contain these small numbers of infected lymphocytes. To a large extent, therefore, viral culture has been superseded by PCR amplification of HIV DNA extracted from
mononuclear cells in the circulation. Even more commonly, reverse transcription and amplification of HIV RNA is now being used to detect and quantify virus present in blood. While these procedures are no more accurate than anti-HIV assays and much more expensive, they may be useful in diagnosis, for example in infancy when any anti-HIV detected may be of maternal origin. PCR amplification also provides rapid access to the HIV genome and can lead to characterisation of an HIV isolate to strain level. The (semi) quantification of viraemia (i.e. to within about 0.5 log10 ) is an important determinant of the need for, and the effect of treatment. It is especially useful as the choice of antiviral combinations widens.
    Targets for genome amplification include the genes coding for the main envelope, core and transcriptase proteins. On the basis, particularly, of analysis of the sequences of amplified sections of the envelope gene, HIV-1 has been subtyped – so far from A to K. In some cases the sequences found in the various HIV genes are not concordant, showing that recombination occurs in HIV.